Green synthesis, biological and molecular docking of some novel sulfonamide thiadiazole derivatives as potential insecticidal against Spodoptera littoralis

Although crop plants provide the majority of human food, pests and insects frequently cause huge economic losses. In order to develop innovative insecticidal compounds with low toxicity and a positive environmental impact, we developed new N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives (2–12). With the use of spectroscopic techniques and elemental data, the chemical structure of these new compounds was meticulously clarified. The toxicological and biological effects of the synthesized compound of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) under laboratory conditions were also investigated. Regarding the determined LC50 values, compounds 3, 7, 8, and 10 showed the most potent toxic effect with LC50 values of 29.60, 30.06, 27.65 and 29.01 ppm, respectively. A molecular docking investigation of twelve synthetic compounds (from compound 2 to compound 12) was performed against AChE (Acetylcholinesterase). There was a wide range of binding affinities shown by these compounds. This work suggests that these substances may have insecticidal and AChE inhibitory properties, and it may be possible to further explore them in the process of creating pesticides that target AChE.

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are a class of drugs that can enhance the levels of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in memory and cognition, by preventing its breakdown by the enzyme AChE.Various class of compounds have been newly reported as an acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors [11][12][13] .AChE inhibitors are used to treat Alzheimer's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory loss.Synthesized AChE inhibitors are compounds that are designed and produced in the laboratory, based on the structure and activity of natural or existing AChE inhibitors.Some examples of synthesized AChE inhibitors are: Pyridoxine-triazoles: These are hybrid molecules that combine pyridoxine, a natural product and a precursor of vitamin B6, with triazole, a heterocyclic ring that can bind to the active site of AChE.These compounds showed potent AChE inhibition, antioxidant and metal chelation properties in vitro 14 .XJP-1: This is a novel compound that was derived from tacrine, a first-generation AChE inhibitor.XJP-1 showed improved AChE inhibition and reduced amyloid plaque formation in vivo, using a transgenic Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease 15 .Quinoxaline derivatives: These are compounds that contain a quinoxaline ring, which is similar to the benzimidazole ring of donepezil, a second-generation AChE inhibitor.These compounds exhibited selective and reversible AChE inhibition and good blood-brain barrier permeability in silico 16 .Isoindolone derivatives: These are compounds that contain an isoindolone ring, which is similar to the indanone ring of rivastigmine, another second-generation AChE inhibitor.These compounds demonstrated enhanced AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity in vitro 17 .Synthesized AChE inhibitors are promising candidates for the development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease, as they can target multiple aspects of the disease pathogenesis and offer better efficacy and safety profiles than the currently available drugs.A species of moth of the Noctuidae family called Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval, 1833) may be found all throughout Africa, Mediterranean Europe, and the Middle The cotton leaf worm is well recognized to cause significant financial losses for many nations 18,19 .The exceedingly hazardous S. littoralis polyphosphorous moth consumes more than 100 types of valuable commercial plants, such as cotton, potatoes, maize and vegetables 20 .For the aforementioned reasons as well as to continue our program in the synthesis of physiologically active heterocyclic compounds to repel this insect, the authors were interested in developing novel, environmentally safe East.Insecticidal chemicals with little toxicity [21][22][23] .In this various work we used 2-hydrazinyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-thioxoacetamide 24 , allowed to react with various aldehydes to create novel N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives.Additionally, the cotton leafworm S. littoralis larvae of the 2nd and 4th larvae instar were used to investigate the insecticidal activity of the synthetic compounds.

Synthesis
Our approach is to figure out how to use these compounds as building blocks for the synthesis of various five, six, and seven-membered rings as a continuation of our work on the synthesis of heterocycles [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] .Herein, we interest to produce a new and not reported green method to synthesis a series of new N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,3,4thiadiazole-2-carboxamide derivatives 2-12, Fig. 2.
2-Hydrazinyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-2-thioxoacetamide (1) 24 reacted with a series of different aldehydes in ethanol under reflux for about 2 h, without any catalyst, see Fig. 2. The reaction mechanism for preparation of a novel 2,5-disubstituted-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives 2-12 was assumed to proceed via a nucleophilic attack of NH 2 group of thiohydrazide at the carbonyl carbon of aldehyde to afford the intermediate A which tautomerize to the thiol form B and attack at the C-OH followed by elimination of water molecule ( as well as ethanol molecule in case of compounds 12) to afford the thiadiazole moiety, Fig. 3.
The structures of these synthesized compounds were determined using FT-IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis spectroscopic methods.The IR spectrum of compounds 2-12 revealed the disappearance of NH, NH 2 groups of thiohydrazide and appearance of new bands at 1650-1684 cm −1 belonged to carbonyl group, new bands at 3350-3190 cm −1 related to the OH groups for compounds 7 and 10, and appearance of a new bands at 3050-3079 cm −1 which belongs to aromatic groups and also appearance of a new bands at 2880-2980 cm −1 assigned to aliphatic groups in compounds.The 1  between 56.50 and 76.60 ppm owing to CH of thiadiazole nucleus.Moreover, elemental analysis spectroscopic methods obtained information about the elemental composition of synthesized compounds.

Toxicological studies
Toxicological effectiveness checking for 2nd larvae Table 1 and Fig. 4 shows the results of tests done on target compounds

Biological studies
Numerous biological characteristics of S. littoralis are being examined for their effects of the synthetic Target components 8, 10, 3, and 7.Recently moulted S. littoralis fourth instar larvae were fed caster bean leaves treated with LC 25 concentrations of the most lethal sulfonamide thiadiazole derivatives 8, 10, 3, and 7 for 48 h before being switched to untreated leaves until pupation as part of an investigation into the biological traits of the species.After presenting the crucial biological aspects, Tables 2 and 3 exhibit the findings.

Larval and pupal duration
All of the tested substances significantly increased the larval duration, which was 8 (22.16

Pupal weight
The results listed in Table 2 demonstrate that the pupal weight trended in the same direction.In comparison to the control pupal weight of 92.10 mg, all of the components under study considerably reduced pupal weight.Component 8 was the most effective, recording 265.71 mg, followed by components 3, 10, and 7 at 274.12, 282.60 2, and 280.15 395.14 mg, respectively.

Molecular docking
Molecular docking is a method that predicts the preferred orientation and binding affinity of one molecule (ligand) to another molecule (receptor) when they form a stable complex 33,34 .Molecular docking is important for understanding the molecular interactions that underlie biological processes such as signal transduction, enzyme catalysis, and drug action 35,36 .Molecular docking is also widely used in structure-based drug design, as it can help identify potential drug candidates that bind to a specific target protein 37,38 .First, the re-docking and superimposition methods were used to validate the docking operation 35 .The 2ACE's natural ligand was taken out and docked back into the active site.Re-docking was done to evaluate the efficiency of the docking process.The re-docking procedure followed the same methods as it did for the studied chemicals.In the re-docking validation stage, the binding pattern of the co-crystallized ligand was successfully recreated, demonstrating that the docking procedure used was suitable for the desired docking inquiry.Figure S37 displays the superimposition of the re-docked ligand and the native co-crystallized one with a small RMSD of 1.012.The docking scores of the investigated compounds (from compound 2 to compound 12) against the AChE enzyme (PDB ID 2ACE) are shown in Table 4.The docking scores for the compounds ranged from − 11.08 to − 7.06 kcal/mol.The compound with the greatest score was compound 10 (− 11.08 kcal/mol), followed by compound 8 (− 10.66 kcal/mol), compound 7 (− 10.19 kcal/mol), compound 3 (− 9.54 kcal/mol), compound 11 (− 9.51 kcal/mol), compound 2 (− 8.79 kcal/mol), compound 5 (− 8.60 kcal/mol), compound 9 (− 8.09 kcal/mol), compound 4 (− 7.63 kcal/mol), and compound 6 (− 7.27 kcal/mol), whereas the compound with the lowest score was compound 12 (− 7.06 kcal/mol).
Figures S38, S39 depict the binding location of the investigated compounds in the active site of 2ACE interaction 3D and 2D, respectively, while, Table 4 lists the docking data.The analysis of the molecular contacts, the compound 10, three H-acceptor bonds are formed at distances of 3.41, 2.72, and 3.00 Å between O9, O8, and N18 with ASP72, TYR121, and PHE288, respectively, Table 4.In the case of compound 8, one H-donor bond is formed at distances of 3.10 Å between S15 with ASN280.Moreover, two H-acceptor bonds are formed at distances of 3.36, and 2.84 Å between S15, and O9 with ASN280, and PHE288, respectively.Additionally, one pi-H bond is formed between the 6-ring and ASN280 at a distance of 3.64 Å, Table 4.In the case of compound 7, two H-acceptor bonds are formed at distances of 3.16, and 3.15 Å between O13, and O25with TYR70, and SER286, respectively, Table 4.In the case of compound 3, two H-acceptor bonds are formed at distances of 2.98, and 3.47 Å between O9, and O8 with HIS440, and GLY441, respectively, Table 4.

Laboratory bioassay screening
Using industry-standard leaf dip bioassay methods [39][40][41][42][43] , all synthesized sulfonamide thiadiazole derivatives were well purified and evaluated for their insecticidal bioactivity.0.1 g of compounds 1-12 were dissolved in 10 mL of dimethylformamide and then blended with 5 mL of distilled water for the manufacture of the compound stocks to make 1000 ppm.Prior to use, the stocks were stored in a refrigerator.The LC 50 values for the target compounds were determined after the test results were published.Five different dosages of sulfonamide thiadiazole compounds and 0.1% Tween 80 were used as surfactants.The second and fourth larvae, which were maintained www.nature.com/scientificreports/ in glass jars weighing five pounds and were around the same size, were fed nine-centimeter-diameter castor bean leaf discs.The discs were then immersed for 10 s in the concentration being tested.With ten larvae each time, each treatment was repeated three times.The castor bean, Ricinus communis, also known as the castor oil plant, is a perennial flowering plant species that belongs to the Euphorbiaceae genus of spurge plants 44,45 .It is the solitary species of both the Ricininae subtribe and the monotypic genus Ricinus..The type of plant from which we obtained the sample and had Prof.Dr. Ayman Hamouda in the Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Egypt authenticate its authenticity is the castor bean, Ricinus communis, which is already recognized and saved.We further guarantee that all researchers at the Egyptian agricultural research institute have access to this data.We attest to the fact that a voucher sample of this item has been deposited in a public herbarium at Agricultural Research Center in Egypt, which have deposition number is 137/8.We verified that the castor bean leaf used in our study was in accordance with all applicable institutional, national, and international standards and regulations.The area around the Shandaweel research station in Egypt's Sohag governorate is where the castor bean leaf was found.

Biological studies
Castor bean leaves were used to feed 4th instar larvae after being soaked in LC 25 of each chemical examined.A determination was made on adult longevity, fecundity, and fertility.The reported approach was used to calculate the fecundity % 46 .

Statistical analysis
The mortality was normalized using Abbott's methodology 47 .Utilizing probity analysis, a quantitative examination of the mortality setback line computations was conducted 48 .To strongly mind the Harmfulness Index, sun

Molecular docking
Molecular docking analyses of the compounds were carried out with the help of the MOE (Molecular Operating Environment) 50 .The structures of the compounds (from compound 2 to compound 12) and the standard ligand (9-(3-Iodobenzylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) were optimized to have the lowest energy levels feasible using the MMFF94x force field.The atomic coordinates of the crystal structures of the target enzyme, acetylcholine esterase (AChE) with the PDB ID of 2ACE, were downloaded from the protein databank.Before docking or doing any analysis, the target structures had polar hydrogen atoms added to them, and any accessible water molecules, native ligands, and undesirable chains were eliminated 51 .With regard to the other parameters, the default values were implemented 52,53 .Re-docking and the superimposition approach were used to validate the docking operation.Removed from the 2ACE and re-docked into the active site was the typical ligand (9-(3-Iodobenzylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) 54,55 .

Experimental section Chemistry
In Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt melting points were calculated using a Galan-Kamp apparatus.Using a Perki-nElmer 2400 LS Series CHN/O analyzer (Cairo University, Giza, Egypt), elemental analyses were carried out on C, H, and N. A PyeUnicam SP3-100 Spectrophotometer was used to collect IR spectra at Sohag University in Sohag, Egypt, using the KBr disc technique (v max, in cm -1 ).The synthesized compounds' 1 HNMR (ppm) and 13 CNMR spectra were captured using the Bruker ADVANCE 400 MHz spectrometer, DMSO and CDCl 3 were used as the solvents at Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.Coupling constants were expressed in Hz, while chemical shifts were expressed in ppm.Two runs were used to test the new compounds' insecticidal efficacy against S. littoralis larvae in their second and fourth instar larvae (Table 1 and Fig. 3).The first run used compounds 1-6, while the second used compounds 7-12.

Conclusion
In this paper, we are described about the importance of developing a new insecticidal agent and designing of a new and novel chemical compound with low toxicity and positive environmental impact.we are developed a new and novel sulfonamide based dihydro thiadiazoles to address the problems associated with existing chemical pesticides such as impact on environment, health rick in both humans and animals and insecticidal resistance.
To address the all issues, we are focused on sulfonamide based dihydro thiadiazoles, synthesized, characterized well with spectral data and elemental analysis.Based on our data, toxic activity of new sulfonamide hybrid with thiadiazole derivatives containing chlorophenyl sulfonamide-thiadiazole that compound 8 is more effective against fourth and second of S. littoralis larvae than the other sulfonamide-thiadiazole synthesized compounds.Evaluation of the latent effects of the studied components on various biological parameters, such as adult longevity, pupal weight, proportion of normal, deformed pupae and adult emergency, fecundity and egg hatchability, were also carried out in an effort to slightly improve insecticidal compounds.The chlorophenyl, sulfonamide, and thiadiazole moiety which are presence in the chemical structure of component 8 may be the source of its high level of efficacy.In accordance with the computed LC 50 values of sulfonate containing the thiadiazole moiety, 8, 10, 3, 7, and 11 showed the most potent toxic effect, with LC 50 values of 27.65, 29.01, 29.60, 30.06, and 31.02ppm, respectively.When we looked at the activity line as the following order: 8 > 10 > 3 > 7 > 11 > 5 > 9 > 2 > 4 > 6 > 12, which suggested that the treated strain of S. littoralis had a homologous response and had a variety of responses to the target synthesized products.

Table 1 .
Insecticidal effectiveness of components 1-12 toward the 2nd and 4th larvae instar of S. littoralis after 3 days of treatment.Toxicity Ratio is calculated as less LC 50 value for baseline toxicity/the compounds' LC 50 value.

Table 2 .
The very freshly prepared target components 3, 7, 8 and 10 had biological effect against of S. littoralis larvae instar at their LC 25 values under laboratory conditions.Letters mean the noteworthy differences between treatments in line with Duncan's check SE = Standard error.

Table 3 .
The effect of 3, 7, 8 and 10 components on the fecundity, fertility and adult longevity for S. littoralis under laboratory conditions.Letters mean the noteworthy differences between treatments in line with Duncan's check SE = Standard error.

Table 4 .
49ckingformulas were applied49.A statistical (LDP-line) equation that estimates LC 50 values with 95% reasonable limits of upper and lower slope was used to estimate the mortality of larval insects.